Solving Regular Tree Grammar Based Constraints

This paper describes the precise speci cation, design, analysis, implementation, and measurements of an e cient algorithm for solving regular tree grammar based constraints. The particular constraints are for dead-code elimination on recursive data, but the method used for the algorithm design and complexity analysis is general and applies to other program analysis problems as well. The method is centered around Paige's nite di erencing, i.e., computing expensive set expressions incrementally, and allows the algorithm to be derived and analyzed formally and implemented easily. We study higherlevel transformations that make the derived algorithm concise and allow its complexity to be analyzed accurately. Although a rough analysis shows that the worst-case time complexity is cubic in program size, an accurate analysis shows that it is linear in the number of live program points and in other parameters that are typically smaller in practice. Our implementation ranges from two to ten times as fast as a previous implementation of an informally designed algorithm.